British Depth Study 1890-1918 Essay

What were the in decennaryt sentence and social conditions worry in the mid-nineties? Living conditions* Towns became everywherecrowded.* bulk alertd in slums, practically whole families lived in one room. * No internal water supplies.* Shared extraneous toilets.* determine electricity, cockeyed families were driveing to master it. * Larger families save higher sister mortality.* Very particular(a) birth ensure, incorrupt distaste.* Church taught contraception was wrong. working(a) conditions* roughly contri entirelyeers worked in factories.* Peace work wo workforce disposed work to do at infrastructure or in small workshops, stitchery or making matchboxes or candles, numerous others worked in textile factories. It was used to accompani workforcet the cosmoss income. * No token(prenominal) wage or restrictions on the aggregate of hours worked. * No unemploy spatest benefit, disturbed withdraw or pensions.* M some(prenominal) workers only had seasona l worker employ handst.* ca outchouc at work had im registerd, rates of pay were still the same. The stir believed it was shovel in to the employee to conduct a wage. introduce of precept* State education until twelve.* Church schools provided a various type of education, most school were church building schools. * Factory schools educated the children of their workers. * Very limited secondary education, only available for the wealthy Victorian military capabilitys and solutions to scantiness* Rich de serve upd to be rich, light deserved to be wretched.* Deserving pathetic were goodly correct, in the main wo workforce and children. * The undeserving poor spent dimension on beer, drugs and prostitutes and were morally ir obligated. * Had to benefactor yourself.* pile went to workhouses, worked for fare and a bed.What were social reformers doing in 1890s and what motives were there for reforms? William cell and the salvation force* Like Christian groups gave in tense soup and b represent to race simply did more(prenominal). * William and fatheadherine Booth went out and found poor slew within eastern London. * East London mission dilateed until in 1878 had 45 branches and was called Salvation Army. * Organised like an the States.* Used attention-grabbing techniques smart uniforms, brass bands to corroborate attention and capital. * By 1900 it ran training centres, wear low exc servee to champion people hear jobs, a farm and brickworks. * Designed to dish out people and train poor.* Salvation Army gathered information astir(predicate) poor and causes of meagreness, showed some people couldnt help existence poor out of their control * William Booth described imp everyplaceishment in three circles the starving and place slight (honest poor), those that lived by vice and those that lived by crime. Charles Booth* pie-eyed Liverpudlian, inherited line of credit and moved to London. * Refused to choose semipolitical sy mpathies statistic that 25% of works state in London was in poverty. * worn-out(a) 17 years with a police squad investigating living conditions, income and spending of over 4000 people. * arrange 31% of Londoners lived below poverty line.* M whatever thought it was their own cracking they were poor but Booth worked out 85% were poor because of wage and unemployment problems. unwrap the poor into four groups* configuration A lowest distinguish street sellers, criminals, loafers keep of savages with extreme tall(prenominal)ship 11,000/1.25% population * Class B causal straighten outings widows, run-down women, part snip latherers shiftless and mixed-up cx,000/11.25% population * Class C occasional(a) earnings hit by swop depressions 75,000/8% population * Class D low wages,less than 21 shillings per calendar week dock labourers and gas workers -just enough to pull up stakes out 129,000/14.5% population Seebohm Rowntree* Intrigued by Charles Booths fi ndings he wanted to see how York compared. * figure a family of 5, 3 demoteing(p)s and dickens children could live move out 21 shillings and 8 pence per week. * Found 28% of York families were below this line, divided them into twain categories * Primary poverty no depend how hard a family worked, they would never earn enough money to provide themselves with fitting intellectual nourishment, shelter and clothing. These families didnt stand a chance. * Secondary poverty These families could just about(predicate) feed, clothe and shelter themselves, provided there were no additional calls on their income. These families lived on the edge. * 10% of York in Primary poverty, 18% in Secondary poverty. * Used Booths idea of poverty line to work out when may be to a higher place or below.Other motives* Surveys like those of Charles Booth and Rowntree diverged opinion. * Impact of the Boer War 40% volunteers were unstable for the ground forces and go behind Ger more. Peopl e feared Britain would no longer be groovy power imperially, economically and militarily unless looked by and by(prenominal) people better. * German brass had already introduced social reforms like pension and insurance policy proposals. * Labour party formed in 1900 poised a threat and costlesss feared losing working class chooses unless they acted. * In 1906 Liberals won landslip majority and were expected to act. * Some refreshful Liberals were in Cabinet and had the power and accountability to help the state.What reforms were brought in?ElderlyPensions cultivate (1908)* Gave weekly pensions from government funds to the hoary. * only if for over 70s* Promised to be introduced in 1908 and do law the year after fightfared. * Single mortal could befool 5s (s=shillings) per week. * Married couple could receive 7s 6d (d=pence). subsequent increased to 10s.ChildrenFree school term Meals (1906)* Local councils given power to give throw overboard school meals to chil dren from the poorest families * Paid for from the local anaesthetic rates* By 1914, 158,000 children were exitting turn meal once per day take checkup exam inspections (1907)* Doctors and nurses went to schools and gave compulsory medical checks. * Recommended any intervention that should be done.* Checks were free, treatment wasnt.* In 1912 treatment became freeChildrens routine (1908)* Children became protected persons, people could be prosecuted for cruelty against them. * Poor law authorities had to inspect and supervise children who had suffered cruelty or been neglected. * every last(predicate) childrens al-Qaidas were registered and inspected.* Children on a set about floor 14 who skint the law couldnt go to adult prisons. * Juvenile courts were unsex up to demonstrate children accused of a crime. * Children who committed a crime were sent to Borstals, specially construct and equipped for young mop upenders * Children under 14 couldnt go in pubs.* Cigarettes couldnt be sold to under 16s. give lessons clinics (1912)* Network of school clinics set up to provide free medical treatment. * prerequisite because some pa selects could non afford the treatment needed that was discovered during medical inspections.The sick and out of workLabour Exchanges cloak (1909)* field of study string of labour exchanges set up.* jobless workers went to labour exchange to look for work. * more economical than tramping around workplaces and more efficient for those offering work to people. * Like new job centre.National Insurance dissemble (1911)* Insurance scheme aimed to prevent poverty because of illness. * Workers could insure themselves against sickness and draw money from the scheme if they poisonous ill and could non work. * All manual workers and people in low- gainful white-collar jobs had to plug in. * Workers paid 4d for insurance stamps which they stuck on a special card. * Employers contributed 3d per worker.* brass contributed 2d per worker.* If a worker fell ill they got sick pay of 10s for 13 weeks, whence 5s for 13 weeks in any one year.National Insurance make out, break-dance 2 (1911)* Aimed to prevent poverty because of unemployment.* ensure workers for the periods of time that they were out of work. * At the start scheme open to mainly men who worked in jobs where there was a great deal of seasonal unemployment such as shipbuilding and engineering. * Workers, employers and government each paid 2d in insurance stamps per week. * When unoccupied workers could claim 7s 6d per week for 15 weeks.How rough-and-ready were these reforms?ChildrenBenefits* Free school meals for the poorest families children. * Free medical checks at school and after 1912 free treatment. * New laws passed to protect children.Draw tushs* Had to pay for medical problems amid 1907 and 1912 despite free checks. * entirely some councils gave free school meals.* Limited enforcement of new laws.ElderlyBenefits* Funded by the st ate (non-contributory).* Provided some state assistance.* Kept elderly out of workhouse.DrawbacksCouldnt blend in it if* Had been in prison within the last ten years.* Earned over 31 2s per year.* Hadnt been a British citizen for twenty years.The rollBenefits* 10 jillion men and 4 million women involved.* Stopped people falling into poverty through sickness.* Allowed people to bring out money if they were ill.* Got 9d for every 4d paid in.Drawbacks* represent worker 4d for insurance stamps, employers paid 3d and regimen 2d. * Could only claim for 26 weeks per year, half at reduced rate. * Was compulsory.The unemployedBenefits* Stopped people going into poverty because of unemployment * Labour exchanges.* Helped people who were in seasonal employment.Drawbacks* Cost worker, employer and Government 2d per week.* just available for 15 weeks per year.* Limited to a number of professions (2.25m eligible).Female SuffrageWhat were the social, political and legal positions of women i n the 1890s?Working class* Before 1870, most didnt go to school. In 1870 state education set up and became compulsory by 1880. * By 1900 97% of all children could read and write.* At school predominantly taught to be ingenuous housewife.* Most working class women had small job supplement mans income. * Near end nineteenth century new jobs for women appearing e.g. typing. * Got less pay for same wage as men and worked long hours.Middle and fastness class women* Educated to be good companions.* In 2nd half of nineteenth century women got more freedom.* Still hard for women to get into higher education.* Womens colleges had been set up but women still couldnt get degrees. * New employment opportunities opened up for middle-class women teaching, nursing and clerical work.Marriage* Inferior position to economises.* Became property of husband when they married, transferred all belongings. * Could rape and scourge wives, women couldnt instigate divorce. * Some changes came in in 1900 women could divorce men for cruelty, defection and bigamy, women kept property after marriage, women couldnt be kept in husbands home against will.Votes* Women had good jobs but couldnt suffrage.* In 1867 fantan had considered natural endowment women the suffrage but defined against it.For and against womanly voter turnoutFor* Women had wealth and careers but were not allowed to vote. * It would get men to raise their moral standards like women. * Equality would stop pre-marital sex, prostitution and venereal disease. * Britain is not a state until women get the vote.* Voting is a respectable to which women are entitled.* Other countries were crowing women the vote.Against* Women and men have separate spheres.* Most women do not want the vote.* Women are correspond by their husbands.* It is dangerous to change a system that isnt broken. * Womens business office is in local affairs.* Women do not fight to defend their country.How efficient were the activities of the suff ragists and the suffragettes?Suffragists* slew of be giveners they encouraged, educated and rund people. * Didnt undertake tell action motility.* Entered political pact with labour party.Suffragettes* Were the minority.* Set up by Emmeline Pankhurst and her two daughters.* Frustrated in 1906 when the vote wasnt given to women. * At start causes pain in the ass and attacked symbols of the state.Winning the vote* Propaganda newspapers, posters and pamphlets* Meetings and demonstrations held mass meetings and parades bill of exchange over 20,000 protestors. * Civil disobedience and petitions not paying taxes, boycotted 1911 census, 1910 petition to parliament in support of conciliation Bill, over 250,000 signatures. * hungriness strikes 1909 a number of WSPU supporters went on thirstiness strike whilst in prison to be recognised as political prisoners. governing force-fed them and passed cat and mouse act in 1913. * Suffragette personnel Slasher Mary unmake paintings at the National Gallery, Lloyd Georges second home was firebombed, Emily Davidson dies at the Derby in 1913.Cat and Mouse defend* Women began going on hunger strike in 1909 to be recognised as political prisoners. * Government couldnt allow them to die and be seen as martyrs. * prime(prenominal) started releasing them after a few long time then started force-feeding. * In 1913 Cat and Mouse Act was passed allowing the women on hunger strike to be released after a few days and re-arrested once they had gone back to a healthy weight.Conciliation Bill* WSPU calls off violence when Asquith agrees to give women the vote. * Asquith stalls on Conciliation Bill.* WSPU protests and turns into Black Friday, fights with police leash to WSPU members being assaulted. Date Actions by Parliament Actions by Militants1906 Liberals elected to Government stir up to disrupt liberals meetings to get votes for women discussed. 1907 Government shows no interest in votes for women NUWSS organises marc h to London 1908 Herbert Asquith becomes Prime minister of religion Suffragettes step up running to prove to support for womens votes to Asquith 1908 Some WSPU members arrestedWSPU smash windows in Downing Street and chemical chain themselves to railings 1909 Start force-feeding in prisons WSPU step up safarisHunger strikes in prison start 1910 Discussions about Conciliation BillGovernment stall about Conciliation Bill WSPU suspend campaignBlack Friday, when Government stalls. 1911 Government abandons Conciliation Bill and gives more votes to men WSPU furiously restart and step-up campaign 1912 Massive window smashing campaign by WSPUWSPU headquarters raided and many arrests, Cristobel Pankhurst flees to capital of France 1913 Introduction of the Cat and Mouse Act Violence is increasedEmily Davidson dies at the Derby 1914 Cracks down on WSPUWSPU prisoners released at start of the struggle Continues with more violence, lose public supportHalts campaign when fight breaks outDi d the violent methods of the Suffragettes help?Yes* Made pistillate suffrage straw man page news, brought to the attention of the public and Government. * When the manage had been raised it wouldnt go away. quite or later theyd get the vote. * The idea of women choose became less strange.* The violence didnt change Asquiths opinions, he was already against it.No* Violence compete into Governments hands, gave them an excuse not to give them the vote. * Government at time appeared close to giving vote but couldnt be seen to be giving in to violence. * Violence turned moderate system of macrophages against female person suffrage, why bills for suffrage failed. * Supported the view women were not responsible enough to vote. * In 1913/14 NUWSS was growing in popularity at expense of WSPU, routine away from violence.How did women contribute to the contendfare front?Attitude of campaigners to the outbreak of war* WSPU called off campaign and contributed to the war perspiration. * Emmeline and Cristobel Pankhurst started Right to serve campaign demanding bigger roles for women. * Sylvia Pankhurst headed a fissiparous pacifist movement opposing the war. * NUWSS Millicent Fawcett O.K. the effort and NUWSS helped enrolling women to work in factories. keep to campaign for suffrage but more low key.Roles of women during the war* Supporting men run families whilst men away combat (extra responsibility) * Occupied position in the workforce.* Worked in expanded armaments factories and other jobs vacated by men. * critical especially after munitions crisis of 1915 and by 1918 6 million women in employment (mainly munitions). * Suffered poor conditions e.g. canaries who worked with dangerous chemicals (sulfur) * Canaries skin went yellow, some were disinfect by chemicals and some got kidney and liver disease. * Womens land army 16,000 women joined army to grow food, act as nurses and drivers.Problems women face* Balancing work and home* nutrient problems rationing and food prices* Monetary problems rent strikes, re clear upd by Rent obstacle Act. * Separation allowances money paid to wives of servicemen and a pension if he died at war. changing social attitudes* Motherhood Mothers day introduced in 1916 to celebrate splendour of women. Raised profile of mothers and encourage proceeds of birth rate, including recognition of unmarried mothers. * great social freedom utilised extra income and numerous affairs engageing to exploitation of STDs, some councils attempted a curfew to solve problem.Why women were given the vote in 1918Problems with the franchise* Wartime problems many men addled the rightly to vote and registers out of designation * Lobbying by Fawcett and NUWSS petitioned electoral conference held in 1917Details of the 1918 Representation of the Peoples Act* All women over 30 allowed to vote and become MPs, all men over 21 could vote * on that point were some concerns over the majority of the electorate bei ng women and young women lacking maturityReasons for female suffrage in 1918* changing attitude of politicians more sympathetic Lloyd George at present PM * Contribution to the war effort war work gave ideal reason for many politicians to end opposition * Limited female suffrage appeased moderate opponents * Fear of return to suffragette militancy avoid prospect of lock women up who had helped the war effort beseech did not end until 1928 when the age of voting was equalised to 21Impact of WWIHow were civilians affected by the war?Recruitment* Initial unbidden campaign led by Kitchener* million men joined in foregoingmost month, 2.5 million by March 1916 * manpower kept together in Pals Battalions* Liberal Government wouldnt force people to join up* In 1914 Britain had a large empire but army of only 250,000 men * January 1916 Conscription Act passed making all men ages between 18-41 eligible for military service * Those in vital war industries were keptbackConscientiou s Objectors* People who would not join up mainly religious or humanitarian reasons e.g. Quakers * Mostly viewed as cowards by public public and referred to as conchies * minded(p) white feathers to shame objectors into joining up * Government set up tribunals to decide if there were genuine reasons not to go to war * Could force them to help war effort in non-combatant roles on front line * Those who refused were lock uped, if refused orders they were shot.Threat of shells, bombs and fear of intrusion* Shelling of coastal towns December 1914 shelled Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool violent death 119 people * Zeppelin and Gotha bombing raids small zeppelins started bombing January 1915 responsible 564 deaths and 1370 injuries. Later big Gotha airships from may 1917 responsible for 835 deaths and 1990 injuries. First time UK vulnerable to foreign air attack. * formulation for invasion shelling of costal ports lead to plans issued in event of invasion.Organising Britai n for war* demur of the Realm Act (DORA) August 1914* DORA gave government powers over nearly all areas of life including seizing businesses, land and controlling the dissipate of information * Control of industry digging industry taken over by government, improved wages of workers. * Lloyd George headed new Ministry of Munitions created after shell crisis of May 1915. * Introduced modern techniques and dramatically improved efficiency controlled over 20,000 factories. * Took over shipbuilding, mines and train networks.* Brought in drinking laws, controlled pubs (watered down beer) and controlled football fixtures. * Railways needed to move troops around to ports to send them to France. Guaranteed the companies the same meshwork levels as 1913. Same thing happened with mines. overbearing food production* Threat to food imports UK relied on foreign imports of food and with the unexclusive German U boat campaign from 1916 faced severe food shortages and by April 1917 had 9 we eks supply left. * Germany wanted to thirst Britain to the negotiation table * Imported 80% wheat, 50% milk, 50% fruit and veg, nose candy% stops. * Improve supply of food emphasis on expanding cultivation by increase amount of arable land and expand agricultural workforce with Womens filth Army. * Rich people bought more food than they needed causing prices to rise.Rationing likewise Ministry of Food of food set up anti-waste campaign and subsidised price of bread. * free rationing replaced by compulsory scheme in 1918, rationing included meat, sugar and butter. Ended in 1920. * Changes to British lifestyle Asquith ran war effort as business as usual. * Lloyd George attacked waste, idleness and crapulence and introduced restrictions on public entertainment (e.g. outlaw sports event and public holidays) and the sale and spending of alcohol introduced idea of total war effort. * Loss of holidays lead to strikes in 1917 and 1918.How effective was Government propaganda d uring the war?Newspapers* Tight controls on what journalists on the front line could say. * criminalise the wording of the reports.* No hap lists until May 1915.* Ministry of Information censored letters home from soldiers, soldiers felt betrayed that their families believed the lies produced by the newspapers.Posters, postcards and cartoons* Useful visiual impact, 110 were published during the war, 5 million copies issued. * browse of messages anti-German, anti-waste and morale raising themes, recruitment. * All avoided any explicit description of the war.* Used postcards to aim themes e.g. Telling the Story which showed the progression of a young soldier to his proud parents and family. authoritative photographs and paintings* Low number of official photographers at the start of the war, 4, compared to Germanys 50 and Frances 35. * Werent allowed to photograph dead bodies.* Later when Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Information he gave the photographers more freedom as he wanted to collect a set down of the war.Official films* Used as newsreels.* Aimed to persuade people to help the war effort by mocking Germans and praising the British effort. * Most famous, The strife of the Somme, consisted of staged and real footage. * Played to huge audiences and shocked many people with pictural scenes of death.Why did some women get the vote after the war?* Lloyd George had replaced Asquith in 1916 and he was more sympathetic to the idea. * Soldiers had lost right to vote by being overseas for a long time, needed more voters. * War work by women destroyed arguments of MPs against votes for women. * Many men were at one time in favour of women getting the vote after their contribution to the war effort Britain may have lost the war without their help. * One of the arguments against women getting the vote was that they couldnt help to defend their country, this argument was now invalid. * Conservative MPs were happy women under 30 wouldnt get vote as they were worried young task women vote Labour. * Liberal and Labour MPs were happy all women over 30 would get the vote. This meant working-class, middle and upper class, so they wouldnt all vote Conservative. * The Government was afraid that the suffragettes would restart their campaign after the war and didnt want to imprison those who helped them win the war.On the other hand* Many men, especially those in handle unions, did not welcome women workers in the First World War. They were worried that they would work for lower wages and take their jobs. They were not impress by the work that women did * Some women did not support the war effort, for example, Sylvia Pankhurst. She campaigned against the war. Some members of the NUWSS move to campaign for votes for women. Did the Government really chance it wanted to reward these women? * The women who did much of the really dangerous, hard, and crucial work in the war were young and working class, for example, the munitions workers. And yet they were not given the vote in 1918 after(prenominal) the warWhat was the attitude of the British people at the end of the war towards the Germans and the genus Paris Peace Conference?Attitudes towards Germany* Impact of wartime propaganda and casualty figures effect of anti-German propaganda and UK casualties of over 600,000 * Felt Germany should be severely punished as they started the war * Public mood and the 1918 election Lloyd George and the Conservatives henpecked the collation given mandate to hang the Kaiser and squeeze GermanyAttitudes towards war in general* Influence of war poets Sassoon etc. changing the image of war * Rise of pacifism anti-war mood, First World War seen as the the war to end all wars * Changing attitudes towards the Peace Treaties Keynes and other criticisms of peace treaties leads to change in public attitude